Measures the level of homocysteine, an amino acid in the blood. Elevated levels can indicate a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart disease and stroke, and can also suggest deficiencies in vitamins B6, B9 (folate), and B12.

Measures the level of lipoprotein (a) in the blood. High levels can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes, as it can contribute to the buildup of plaques in the arteries.

Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) is the main protein in HDL (good cholesterol), while Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) is the main protein in lipoproteins that are associated with atherosclerotic disease (heart attacks and strokes). The ratio of Apo B to Apo A1 can provide a better assessment of cardiovascular risk than traditional cholesterol tests alone.

Measures the level of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the blood. Oxidized LDL is more likely to cause inflammation and plaque buildup in the arteries, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.

Uses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to measure the size and number of lipoprotein particles in the blood. This test provides detailed information about LDL and HDL particles, which can help assess cardiovascular risk more accurately than standard lipid panels.